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A. This article is an excerpt from the book "Computer Organization and Architecture" by A P Godse and D A Godse B. What is computer organization? C. Major concepts introduced in this textbook are: D. The "digital design process": what it is, why it's useful, how to do it, pitfalls to avoid E. Introduction to digital circuits: F. Logic gates: what they are, their operation modes; how they can be used as building blocks for more complex circuits; G. Different families of logic gate functions (e.g., TTL); overview of some common families (e-g. CMOS); H. Description of the basic digital logic circuits (e.g., AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND), how to build them; I. Description of the basic combinational logic circuits (e.g., XOR and XNOR); J. Discussion of the different types of memory: random access, sequential access; K. Introduction to bit-slice memory: L. Block diagrams for a very simple computer systems built using bit-slice memories: one unit hooked up to a typewriter as a data source and another as a "read only" register bank for storing instructions that can be executed by the unit or other devices in time division multiplexed fashion ; M. Block diagram for a very simple computer system with central processor, memory and input-output devices; N. The main parts of digital systems: O. Basic components of a microprocessor: P. First example of an instruction set architecture (ISA): the Intel x86 set; Q. The concepts of high/low voltage levels, current flow, binary/decimal/hexadecimal systems applied to logic circuits; R. Binary decoding techniques for decode-assist logic circuits; S. The main types of memory: random access, sequential access; T. More examples of instruction sets and architectures: the Intel x86 family and SPARC; U. The CISC and RISC families of microprocessors and their variations: V. Computer bus architecture: W. Address decoders for computer buses X. Introduction to memory hierarchy Y. CAS latency in processor caches Z. CAS latency in SRAMs, DRAMs, SRAM-DRAM memories; application of CAS latencies in general to all memory chips; RAM simulation with Microsoft Simulfb PRO software AA. The concept of bus masters and bus slaves in computer buses; AB. The concept of data cache and instruction cache in computers; AC. Memory hierarchy: what bus architecture is used to achieve it; how it applies to the memory subsystem in general; how it applies to the CPU subsystem in particular ; AD. Introduction to out-of-order execution, superscalar processing, pipelining, decoupled pipelined execution; pipelining techniques for processors (e.g., superscalar implementations); how they improve performance; issues related to pipeline stalls (e.g., increasing complexity of design interfaces); how they can increase power consumption ; AE. cfa1e77820
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